"Dass das in Bienen gefundene Magnetit die Ursache für die Magnetfeldsensibilität ist, wurde bereits 1982 beschrieben (KUTERBACH et al. 1982) und ist vor kurzem mit endgültiger Aussage überprüft worden (HSU et al. 2007)." http://www.linguee.de/deutsch-spanisch/uebersetzung/magnetit.html
Do bees have a magnetic sense? / D. Kuterbach. Main Author: Kuterbach, D. Language(s): English Published: Ilford, Essex : Central Association of Bee-Keepers, c1987. Subjects: Bees > Orientation. Magnetic fields > Physiological effect. Animal navigation. Note: Cover title. "June 1987." "A lecture given to the Central Association of Bee-Keepers on 12th March, 1987."--P. 1. Physical Description: 16 p. : ill. ; 21 cm. Original Format: Book
Title: Iron-containing cells in the honey-bee (Apis mellifera). I. Adult morphology and physiology Author: Kuterbach, DA ; Walcott, B Keywords: Journal Articles Publisher: Company of Biologists Publishing year: 1986-11-01 00:00:00.0 Documentart: TEXT Language: en Rights: Copyright (C) 1986, Company of Biologists
Title: Iron-containing cells in the honey-bee (Apis mellifera). II. accumulation during development Author: Kuterbach, DA ; Walcott, B Keywords: Journal Articles Publisher: Company of Biologists Publishing year: 1986-11-01 00:00:00.0 Documentart: TEXT Language: en Rights: Copyright (C) 1986, Company of Biologists
Title: Iron-Containing Cells in the Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Author: Kuterbach, Deborah A. ; Walcott, Benjamin ; Reeder, Richard J. ; Frankel, Richard B. Keywords: Physics Content: Honey bees are sensitive to earth strength magnetic fields and are reported to contain magnetite (Fe3O4) in their abdomens. We report bands of cells around each abdominal segment that contain numerous electron-opaque, iron-containing granules. The iron is principally in the form of hydrous iron oxides. Publisher: DigitalCommons@CalPoly Publishing year: 1982-11-12T08:00:00Z Documentart: text Source: Physics
Proceedings - meeting - Electron Microscopy Society of America (1984) Development of iron granules in honey bee oenocytes Kuterbach, D.A. Date of publication 1984
AGRIS Categories Animal structure Other subjects Apis mellifera; Adipocytes; Iron; Electron microscopy; Ultrastructure Language English Notes ill. 2 references Journal Title Proceedings - meeting - Electron Microscopy Society of America ISSN 0091-8628 Volume/Issue (no. 42nd) p. 744-745
Kuterbach, Deborah Ann. The anatomy, physiology, and development of iron containing cells on the worker honey bee, Apis mellifera. Diss. State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1985.
"... 1978). Iron-containing trophocytes were found within the fat body of this adult honeybee (Kuterbach & Walcott 1986), identified as superparamagnetic (SPM) magnetite ... 243–254. Kuterbach DA, Walcott B. 1986 Iron containing cells in the honeybee (Apis mellifera). ..." Lucano, M. J., et al. "Stingless bee antennae: a magnetic sensory organ?." Biometals 19.3 (2006): 295-300. http://cbpfindex.cbpf.br/publication_pdfs/DO00020520.2006_04_19_10_07_30.pdf
"... complex in a migratory bird. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(20):9394-9399. [4] Kuterbach DA, Walcott B, Reeder RJ, Frankel, RB (1982): Iron-Containing Cells in the Honey Bee (Apis mellifera). Science 218:695-697. [5] Hsu CY, Ko ..." Linnebach, Egbert. "Cell-based electrochemical magnetoreceptor."
Joseph, P. L. The nuclear microscope probes the honeybee brain. Central Association of Bee-Keepers, 1987.
"... Previous reports of iron in the form of mag- netite in bacteria and animals are best ex- emplified in pigeons (Walcott et al., '79) and honey bees (Kuterbach and Walcott, '82). ... Kuterbach, DA, and B. Walcott (1982) Ironcontaining cells in the honey bee U pis melliferu). ..." Steele, V. J., and P. E. Oshel. "Mineral content of the organ of Bellonci in the marine amphipod Gammarus setosus." Journal of Morphology 185.1 (1985): 51-58.
"... Initially, IGs were regarded as amorphous granules by regular transmission electron diffraction (Hsu and Li, 1993; Kuterbach et al., 1982; Kuterbach and Walcott, 1986a; 1986b). ... trophocytes of the ventral abdomen of honeybees (Hsu and Li, 1993; Kuterbach, et al., 1982; ..." Hsu, Chin-Yuan, and Ya-Chi Chiu. "SUPERPARAMAGNETIC MAGNETITE IN THE IRON GRANULES OF." http://research.cgu.edu.tw/ezfiles/14/1014/img/651/96-B-19.pdf
Loper, G. M. "Evidence of magnetic influence on the formation of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) drone congregation areas." BeeScience 1 (1990): 71.
"... Kuterbach and Walcott“) have reported that the magnetic material of honeybees consists principally of hydrous iron oxides. ... 1 (1992) 101. 11) DA Kuterbach, B. Walcott, RJ Reeder and R. B. Frankel: Science 218 (1982) 695. 12) JMD Coey and PW Readman: Earth Planet. Sci. ..." Takagi, Seishi. "Paramagnetism of honeybees." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 64.11 (1995): 4378-4381.
"... Recent reports indicate that responses to magnetic fields are important for orientation in such diverse species as bacteria (Blakemore, 1982), a green alga (Maugh, 1982), honey bees (Gould, Kirschvink & Deffeyes, 1978; Gould, 1980; Kuterbach, Walcott, Reeder & Frankel, 1982 ..." Stabrowski, Anita, and Paul M. Nollen. "The responses of< i> Philophthalmus gralli</i> and< i> P. megalurus</i> miracidia to light, gravity and magnetic fields." International journal for parasitology 15.5 (1985): 551-555.
"... work “Bees have magnetic remanence” [1], and argued for the presence of magnetite particles about 30 nm in diameter, ie, single domain particles, magnetically blocked at room temperature [2]. In 1986, agglomerates containing iron were discovered by Kuterbach and Walcott ..." Desoil, Mélanie, et al. "Definitive identification of magnetite nanoparticles in the abdomen of the honeybee Apis mellifera." Journal of Physics: Conference Series. Vol. 17. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2005. http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/17/1/007/pdf/1742-6596_17_1_007.pdf
"... However, evi- dence is accumulating from magnetotactic bacteria (Frankel et al., 1979; Kerschvink, 1980) to higher organisms (Kuterbach et al., 1975; Walcott et al., 1979; Maugh, 1982), that the existence of magnetic In vivo NMR study of B. cot/axiom responses 451 HEAD-UP ..." Manville, J. F., et al. "In vivo pupal response to orientation detected by proton magnetic resonance chemical microscopy." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 89.3 (1988): 449-454.
"... 5. VV Shcherbakova, Earth Phys. 14, 308 (1978). 6. DA Kuterbach, B. Walcott, RJ Reeder, RB Frankel, Science 218, 695 (1982). ... However, earlier studies by Kuterbach et al. (2) and by Hsu and Li (3) did not produce detectable electron diffraction patterns from these granules. ..." Greenberg, J. "Honeybees and Magnetoreception." http://www.gps.caltech.edu/users/jkirschvink/pdfs/BeeScienceComment.pdf
"... of hemoglobin. In the honeybee, we have shown that most of the iron granules are a hydrous ferric oxide, such as ferritin, and they stain intensely (Kuterbach et al., 1982). Therefore ... particulate iron. Subsequently, Kuterbach et 01. (1982 ..." Walcott, Benjamin. "The cellular localization of particulate iron." Magnetite Biomineralization and Magnetoreception in Organisms. Springer US, 1996. 183-195.
"... (1978), Kuterbach e col. (1982), Kuterbach e Walcott (1986) e Hsu e Li (1994). ... Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 86, 7683-7687 (1992). 18] Kuterbach, DA, Walcott, B., Reeder, RJ e Fran- kel, RB Iron-containing cells in the honey bee (Apis mellif era). Science 218, 695-697 (1982). ..." Acosta-Avalos, Daniel, and M. P. Linhares. "Insetos sociais: um exemplo de magnetismo animal." Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Física, setembro de (2000). http://www.cbpf.br/~biofis/CBPF/RBEF%2022,%20317-323(2000).pdf
English: Warnke, Ulrich BEES, BIRDS AND MANKIND Destroying Nature by ‘Electrosmog’ English Edition March 2009 Published by Prof. Dr. med. Karl Hecht, Dr. med. Markus Kern, Prof. Dr. phil. Karl Richter, and Dr. med. Hans-Christoph Scheiner Advisory Board: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Klaus Buchner Prof. Dr. med. Rainer Frentzel-Beyme Dr. rer. nat. Lebrecht von Klitzing Prof. Dr. phil. Jochen Schmidt Prof. Dr. jur. Erich Schöndorf Dr. rer. nat. Ulrich Warnke Prof. Dr. med. Guido Zimmer http://wifiinschools.org.uk/resources/Bees_Birds_Mankind.pdf
Altmann G., Warnke, U., Paul R.: Physiologisch-ethologische Aspekte der Einwirkung elektrischer Felder auf den Organismus. Vortrag Kolloquium "Bioklimatische Wirkungen luftelektrischer Faktoren", Hygiene Institut, Universität Graz (1974).
Altmann G., Warnke, U., Paul R.: Physiological-Ethological Aspects of the Influences of Electric Fields on the Organism; Arch. Met. Geoph. Biokl. 24, 116 (1976). http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/643503499
Warnke, U.: Die Wirkung von Hochspannungsfeldern auf das Verhalten von Bienensozietäten; Zeitschrift für angewandte Entomologie 82 (1), 88 (1976). http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/888516289
Warnke, U.: Die elektrostatische Aufladung und Polarisierbarkeit von Insektenintegumenten; Verhandlungen der Dt. Zoologischen Ges. 70, 332 (1977). http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/848525045
Warnke, U.; Popp, F.A.: Information-Transmission by means of Electrical Biofields; Popp et al. (eds.): Electromagnetic Bio-Information, Urban & Schwarzenberg, München, Baltimore (1978). http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5153172904
Warnke, U., Voigt, J.: Von Feldern und Frequenzen; Drehbuch Fernsehfilm im ZDF, Sendung 30 Min. am 31. Mai 1981.
Warnke, U.: Avian Flight Formation with the Aid of Electromagnetic Forces: A New Theory for the Formation Alignment of Migrating Birds; Journal of Bioelectricity 3 (3), 493-508 (1984). http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8070615
Warnke, U.: Information Transmission by Means of Electrical Biofields Electromagnetic Bio-Information, F.A. Popp, U. Warnke, H. König, W. Peschka (eds.), 2nd edition. Urban & Schwarzenberg, München, Wien Baltimore, 74-101 (1989).
Warnke, U.: Electromagnetic Sensitivity of Animals and Humans: Biological and Clinical Implications; Bioelectrodynamics and Biocommunication M.W. Ho, F.A. Popp, U. Warnke (eds.), World Scientific, Singapore, New Jersey, London, Hongkong, 365-86 (1995).
"Magnetosome chains are membranous prokaryotic structures present in magnetotactic bacteria. They contain 15 to 20 magnetite crystals that together act like a compass needle to orient magnetotactic bacteria in geomagnetic fields, thereby simplifying their search for their preferred microaerophilic environments. Each magnetite crystal within a magnetosome is surrounded by a lipid bilayer, and specific soluble and transmembrane proteins are sorted to the membrane. Recent research has shown that magnetosomes are invaginations of the inner membrane and not freestanding vesicles.[1] Magnetite-bearing magnetosomes have also been found in eukaryotic magnetotactic algae, with each cell containing several thousand crystals. (...)" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosome http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosom http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosom
Jepson Science Center, Room 433 http://www.umw.edu/directory/?adeq=Odell&ad_group%5B%5D=&search-choice=people
"Deborah A. O’Dell, Associate Professor of Biology, earned a Ph.D. (1985) in cell and developmental biology from the State University of New York at Stony Brook after receiving a B.S. (1979) in biology from Ursinus College (Pennsylvania).
A member of the Society for Neuroscience, Dr. O’Dell is an expert on the structure and function of the nervous system, magnetic orientation in animals, and developmental neurobiology. Much of her research focuses on the function and development of nervous systems, including bees, and the role of inflammation in Alzheimer’s disease.
Associate Professor Biology Academic Degrees Ph.D., State University of New York at Stony Brook B.S., Ursinus College Areas of Expertise Cellular Mechanisms of Neural Function Cellular Mechanisms of Learning and Memory Developmental Neurobiology Government Regulations on Animal Research Magnetic Orientation in Animals Neural Control of Animal Behavior http://www.umw.edu/facultyexperts/faculty-member/dodell/
Title: Iron-containing cells in the honey-bee (Apis mellifera). II. accumulation during development Author: Kuterbach, DA ; Walcott, B Keywords: Journal Articles Publisher: Company of Biologists Publishing year: 1986-11-01 00:00:00.0 Documentart: TEXT Language: en Rights: Copyright (C) 1986, Company of Biologists
Dr. Benjamin Walcott, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, H.S.C., State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8081. http://www.iovs.org/content/30/7/1666.full.pdf
" Undergraduate Student Government at Stony Brook University (...) Transition Period (...) Vice President Preston also established the Undergraduate Governance Task Force (GTF) in order to establish the structure of the new undergraduate government. (...) In addition to Goodman, the other faculty member on the GTF was University Senate President Benjamin Walcott. (...)" wikipedia
"AAS-Interview with Adrian Horridge science.org.au, 27 Sept 2004 [cached] Ben Walcott was appointed here, having come to work in my lab after hearing me give a seminar in America. (He became professor at the University of New York in Stony Brook and now he's retiring to Canberra, to come back and work with me here.)" http://www.zoominfo.com/p/Ben-Walcott/840047647
"(...) Arriving at the ANU in 1969, did you continue your Gatty lines of work for which you had been so recently elected to the Royal Society, or did you begin anew?
We came with about eight scientists and set up immediately, with a bang, doing the jobs that we had been doing before. I brought with me several students who were in the middle of their PhDs, and two postdocs. Ben Walcott was appointed here, having come to work in my lab after hearing me give a seminar in America. (He became professor at the University of New York in Stony Brook and now he's retiring to Canberra, to come back and work with me here.)
I decided we would have a variety of things operating. I myself started out doing the compound eye, which I was already deeply into. We were looking at nocturnal eyes, we had a lot on the light-guide story and the photon story, the origin of noise in vision. The signal-to-noise ratio was determined by the shot noise of the photons, basically, which is limiting: as you increase the intensity, the signal-to-noise ratio changes as the square root and so on. There is a lot of physics involved in all of these things. (...)" Australian Academy of Science | Science education Interview with Professor Adrian Horridge http://www.zoominfo.com/CachedPage/...cientists/ah.htm&page_last_updated=2 005-09-22T18:49:48&firstName=Ben&lastName=Walcott
Title: Iron-Containing Cells in the Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Author: Kuterbach, Deborah A. ; Walcott, Benjamin ; Reeder, Richard J. ; Frankel, Richard B. Keywords: Physics Content: Honey bees are sensitive to earth strength magnetic fields and are reported to contain magnetite (Fe3O4) in their abdomens. We report bands of cells around each abdominal segment that contain numerous electron-opaque, iron-containing granules. The iron is principally in the form of hydrous iron oxides. Publisher: DigitalCommons@CalPoly Publishing year: 1982-11-12T08:00:00Z Documentart: text Source: Physics
Title: Iron-Containing Cells in the Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Author: Kuterbach, Deborah A. ; Walcott, Benjamin ; Reeder, Richard J. ; Frankel, Richard B. Keywords: Physics Content: Honey bees are sensitive to earth strength magnetic fields and are reported to contain magnetite (Fe3O4) in their abdomens. We report bands of cells around each abdominal segment that contain numerous electron-opaque, iron-containing granules. The iron is principally in the form of hydrous iron oxides. Publisher: DigitalCommons@CalPoly Publishing year: 1982-11-12T08:00:00Z Documentart: text Source: Physics
"Magnetosome chains are membranous prokaryotic structures present in magnetotactic bacteria. They contain 15 to 20 magnetite crystals that together act like a compass needle to orient magnetotactic bacteria in geomagnetic fields, thereby simplifying their search for their preferred microaerophilic environments. Each magnetite crystal within a magnetosome is surrounded by a lipid bilayer, and specific soluble and transmembrane proteins are sorted to the membrane. Recent research has shown that magnetosomes are invaginations of the inner membrane and not freestanding vesicles.[1] Magnetite-bearing magnetosomes have also been found in eukaryotic magnetotactic algae, with each cell containing several thousand crystals. (...)" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosome http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosom http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosom http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00284-005-0221-9
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2013 Sep;104(3):405-12. doi: 10.1007/s10482-013-9964-7. Epub 2013 Jul 5. Effect of light wavelength on motility and magnetic sensibility of the magnetotactic multicellular prokaryote 'Candidatus Magnetoglobus multicellularis'. de Azevedo LV, de Barros HL, Keim CN, Acosta-Avalos D. Source
Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas-CBPF, Rua Xavier Sigaud 150, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Abstract
'Candidatus Magnetoglobus multicellularis' is a magnetotactic microorganism composed of several bacterial cells. Presently, it is the best known multicellular magnetotactic prokaryote (MMP). Recently, it has been observed that MMPs present a negative photoresponse to high intensity ultraviolet and violet-blue light. In this work, we studied the movement of 'Candidatus Magnetoglobus multicellularis' under low intensity light of different wavelengths, measuring the average velocity and the time to reorient its trajectory when the external magnetic field changes its direction (U-turn time). Our results show that the mean average velocity is higher for red light (628 nm) and lower for green light (517 nm) as compared to yellow (596 nm) and blue (469 nm) light, and the U-turn time decreased for green light illumination. The light wavelength velocity dependence can be understood as variation in flagella rotation speed, being increased by the red light and decreased by the green light relative to yellow and blue light. It is suggested that the dependence of the U-turn time on light wavelength can be considered a form of light-dependent magnetotaxis, because this time represents the magnetic sensibility of the magnetotactic microorganisms. The cellular and molecular mechanisms for this light-dependent velocity and magnetotaxis are unknown and deserve further studies to understand the biochemical interactions and the ecological roles of the different mechanisms of taxis in MMPs. PMID: 23828178 [PubMed - in process] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23828178
Last picture: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_bumblebee_(Bombus_terrestris)_worker_with_a_transponder_attached_to_its_back,_visiting_an_oilseed_rape_flower.png
Carolina Neumann Keim Estudo da ultraestrutura, do comportamento e da biomineralização de minerais de ferro em microrganismos magnetotácticos. Imobilização de poluentes inorgânicos por microrganismos nativos de ambientes contaminados. Email: cnkeim@micro.ufrj.br
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco I, sala I1-39, Centro de Ciências da Saúde Cidade Universitária 21941-902 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil Telefone: (21) 25626743 http://www.microbiologia.ufrj.br/po...squisa/microbiologia-geral/pesquisadores
"... 1978). Iron-containing trophocytes were found within the fat body of this adult honeybee (Kuterbach & Walcott 1986), identified as superparamagnetic (SPM) magnetite ... 243–254. Kuterbach DA, Walcott B. 1986 Iron containing cells in the honeybee (Apis mellifera). ..." Lucano, M. J., et al. "Stingless bee antennae: a magnetic sensory organ?." Biometals 19.3 (2006): 295-300. http://cbpfindex.cbpf.br/publication_pdfs/DO00020520.2006_04_19_10_07_30.pdf
Lucano, M. J. http://www.base-search.net/Search/Results?lookfor=aut:%22Lucano%2C+M.+J.%22&refid=dcrecde
Loper, G. M. "Evidence of magnetic influence on the formation of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) drone congregation areas." BeeScience 1 (1990): 71. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2841106
"(...) The signal was transferred through the electromagnetic field to the magnet, and the male then vibrated in the desired frequency (...)" Taina Conrad, Manfred Ayasse The Role of Vibrations in Population Divergence in the Red Mason Bee, Osmia bicornis in: Current Biology, Volume 25, Issue 21, 2 November 2015, Pages 2819–2822 http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23593628 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982215010751#
1Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 10-1 Containerstadt, 89081 Ulm, Germany. Electronic address: taina.conrad@gmx.de. https://www.uni-ulm.de/en/nawi/bio3/ayasse/staff/dr-taina-conrad.html 2Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 10-1 Containerstadt, 89081 Ulm, Germany. Electronic address: manfred.ayasse@uni-ulm.de. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26592342
Wolfgang Harst, Jochen Kuhn, Hermann Stever Can Electromagnetic Exposure Cause a Change in Behaviour? Studying Possible Non-Thermal Influences on Honey Bees – An Approach within the Framework of Educational Informatics http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid=18D093AD32EF0C04C99FD87AA8EE0B88?doi=10.1.1.485.5704&rep=rep1&type=pdf
"Kuhn: Zunächst einmal möchte ich allgemein darauf hinweisen, dass unsere Untersuchungen erstens momentan einen Pilotcharakter aufweisen und zweitens rein explorativ zu verstehen sind. Beides hat zur Folge, dass aus unseren Ergebnissen weder allgemein gültige Schlussfolgerungen gezogen, noch dass sie auf den menschlichen Organismus übertragen werden können. Für eine seriöse Darstellung unserer Studie würde ich Sie bitten, diesen Sachverhalt grundsätzlich zu beachten.
IZgMF: Auf Seite 14 der Dokumentation ist von den Resonanzfrequenzen des Bienenköpers und der Pilzkörper im Bienenhirn die Rede und davon, dass die Bienen mit diesen Frequenzen bestrahlt werden sollen. Beide Frequenzen sind mit (theoretisch) 15 GHz und 375 GHz (siehe Seite 13) jedoch erheblich größer, als die dann tatsächlich verwendete DECT-Frequenz von rund 1,9 GHz. Frage: Da Bienen bei 1,9 GHz offenbar keinen Resonanzeffekt zeigen, warum wurde dann diese Frequenz überhaupt im Versuch gewählt? Kuhn: Wir wollten in unseren Versuchen grundsätzlich solche Expositionen verwenden, die im Alltag auftreten. Es ist zwar richtig, dass die theoretischen Resonanzfrequenzen sich stark von denen der DECT-Geräte unterscheiden, aber erstens ist das Phänomen der Resonanz "breitbandig" (d.h. auch kleinere oder größere Frequenzen könnten in einem gewissen Rahmen einen - wenn auch geringeren - Resonanzeffekt verursachen). Und zweitens erschien es uns nicht sinnvoll, Frequenzen zu untersuchen, die im Alltag nicht (oder nur ganz selten) auftreten und denen der Großteil der Menschen dann auch nicht ausgesetzt wäre.
IZgMF: Menschen und deren Gehirn sind erheblich größer als Bienen, so dass Menschen bei 1,9 GHz aller Voraussicht nach keine Resonanzeffekte zeigen. Ein auf Resonanzeffekte beruhendes Ergebnis bei den Bienen sollte sich deshalb nicht auf Menschen übertragen lassen. Warum stufen Sie Bienen dennoch als geeignete Bioindikatoren zur Untersuchung der EMF-Expositionswirkung auf Menschen ein? Kuhn: Grundsätzlich besteht auch in der Bienenwissenschaft Konsens darüber, dass die assoziative Gehirnstruktur von Honigbienen der des Menschen ähnelt, d.h. dass sich die Eigenschaften von Nervenzellen und Synapsen im Bienengehirn nicht grundsätzlich von denen im Gehirn des Menschen unterscheiden. Deshalb werden Bienen auch als Modelllebewesen zur Untersuchung der Auswirkung umweltbedingter Einflüsse auf Funktion und Entwicklung des Gehirns angesehen. Selbstverständlich muss unbedingt berücksichtigt werden, dass jedes Gehirn seine Leistungen im Kontext bestimmter, durch das jeweilige Verhalten geprägter Bedingungen erbringt, sodass Beobachtungen bei Bienen auch keinesfalls ohne weiteres auf Menschen übertragen werden können. Weitere Informationen zu diesem wichtigen Thema finden Sie in der ausgewiesenen Sekundärliteratur (siehe S. 4).
IZgMF: Die Versuchsaufbauten waren räumlich so dicht gepackt, dass die Felder der DECT-Basisstationen auch auf die "unbestrahlten" Völker in nicht unerheblichem Umfang eingewirkt haben müssen. Bei den Kästen in der Mitte des Versuchsaufbaus muss es zwangsläufig zu einer Kumulation der Felder gekommen sein. Frage: Gibt es Messwerte, welche elektrische Feldstärke oder Leistungsflussdichte auf die einzelnen "bestrahlten" und "unbestrahlten" Völker eingewirkt haben und können Sie uns ggf. gemittelte Werte nennen? Kuhn: Infolge des Pilotcharakters der Studie haben wir zunächst aus praktischen Gründen weder messtechnische Expositionswerte erfasst, noch die Kontrollvölker abgeschirmt. Diese Faktoren sollen in der Folgeuntersuchung dann mit aufgenommen werden.
IZgMF: Auf Seite 16 wird die manuelle Erfassung des Rückfindeverhaltens beschrieben. Frage: Wie lange waren die Bienen - vor ihrer Freisetzung - der DECT-Strahlung ausgesetzt gewesen? Und: Wurden dieselben Bienen, so sie zurück fanden, mehrmals freigesetzt, um eine kumulative Wirkung der Strahlung zu erfassen? Kuhn: Die erste Bienengruppe (jeweils 25 Exponierte und 25 Kontrollen) wurde fünf Tage nach dem Einbringen der DECT-Telefone ausgesetzt. Danach wurde bis zum Ende der Untersuchung an jedem Folgetag mindestens eine Gruppe ausgesetzt. Die Rückkehrer wurden dem Bienenvolk nicht wieder zugeführt (siehe S. 17).
IZgMF: Wenn, wie Ihr Versuch gezeigt hat, die Lernkompetenz von Bienen unter der Einwirkung von DECT-Feldern leidet, welche denkbaren Folgen könnte dies - (populärwissenschaftlich formuliert) im übertragenen Sinne für uns Menschen haben? Tun auch wir uns beispielsweise beim Erlernen von Fähigkeiten (z. B. Fremdsprachen) schwerer? Kuhn: Zur Übertragbarkeit der Ergebnisse bei Bienen auf den Menschen allgemein geben meine Ausführungen zu Frage 2 (oben) Auskunft. Zudem erlauben der explorative Charakter und die Pilotierung dieser Studie in der momentanen Phase ohnehin nur die Schlussfolgerung, dass unsere Beobachtungen es lohnenswert erscheinen lassen, die Pilotstudie unter genauer zu definierenden Bedingungen zu wiederholen. Mit den Beobachtungen aus unserer Pilotstudie können also keinerlei Aussagen zu Folgen für den Menschen gemacht werden!!!
IZgMF: Wurden zur Finanzierung der Studie Fremdmittel eingesetzt? Kuhn: Es wurden keine Fremdmittel zur Finanzierung eingesetzt.
IZgMF: Wie geht's nun weiter? Wird die Uni Koblenz-Landau das Ergebnis mit Folgestudien verifizieren? Haben sich Mobilfunkbetreiber oder Behörden (z. B. Umweltbundesamt oder Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz) bei Ihnen nach Details zur Studie erkundigt, wie war die Resonanz allgemein? Kuhn: Die Resonanz auf unsere Untersuchung war durchaus bemerkenswert. Neben Radio- und Fernsehsendern waren u.a. verschiedene Pressevertreter, Behörden, Mobilfunkbetreiber und Bürgerinitiativen an der Studie interessiert. Eine Folgestudie ist bereits für Mitte dieses Jahres geplant.
Dr. Jochen Kuhn Universität Koblenz-Landau, Campus Landau FB7: Natur- und Umweltwissenschaften Institut für Naturwissenschaften und Naturwissenschaftliche Bildung Abteilung Physik Fortstr. 7 76829 Landau E-Mail: kuhn@uni-landau.de Literatur Untersuchungen an Bienen unter Feldeinwirkung hat es schon früher gegeben. Dr. Ulrich Warnke von der Universität des Saarlandes erforschte viele Zusammenhänge bereits in den 1970er und 1980er Jahren und kam zu dem Schluss: Bienen sind elektro- und magnetosensitiv. Die aus seinen Arbeiten resultierende Literaturliste stellte uns freundlicherweise das h.e.s.e.-project zur Verfügung: Altmann G., Warnke, U.: Einfluß unipolar geladener Luftionen auf die motorische Aktivität der Honigbienen; Apidologie 2 (4), 309-17 (1971). Warnke, U.: Neue Ergebnisse der Elektrophysiologie der Bienen; Apidologie 4 (2), 150 (1973). Warnke, U.: Physikalisch-physiologische Grundlagen zur luftelektrisch bedingten "Wetterfühligkeit" der Honigbiene; Diss., Universität des Saarlandes (1973). Altmann G., Warnke, U., Paul R.: Physiologisch-ethologische Aspekte der Einwirkung elektrischer Felder auf den Organismus. Vortrag Kolloquium "Bioklimatische Wirkungen luftelektrischer Faktoren", Hygiene Institut, Universität Graz (1974). Altmann G., Warnke, U., Paul R.: Der Temperaturgang im Bienenvolk als Störungsindikator; Zeitschrift für angewandte Entomologie 78 (2), 150-9 (1975). Warnke, U.: Insekten und Vögel erzeugen elektrische Felder; Umschau 75 (15), 479 (1975). Warnke, U., Paul R.: Bienen unter Hochspannung; Umschau 75 (13), 416 (1976). Altmann G., Warnke, U.: Der Stoffwechsel von Bienen (Apis mellifica L. ) im 50 Hz-Hochspannungsfeld; Zeitschrift für angewandte Entomologie 80 (3), 267-71 (1976). Altmann G., Warnke, U., Paul R.: Physiological-Ethological Aspects of the Influences of Electric Fields on the Organism; Arch. Met. Geoph. Biokl. 24, 116 (1976). Warnke, U.: Die Wirkung von Hochspannungsfeldern auf das Verhalten von Bienensozietäten; Zeitschrift für angewandte Entomologie 82 (1), 88 (1976). Warnke, U.: Die Wirkung von Hochspannungswechselfeldern auf das Verhalten von Bienensozietäten; Mitteilungen der dt. Entomologischen Ges. 35, 105-7 (1976). Warnke, U.: Die elektrostatische Aufladung und Polarisierbarkeit von Insektenintegumenten; Verhandlungen der Dt. Zoologischen Ges. 70, 332 (1977). Warnke, U.; Popp, F.A.: Information-Transmission by means of Electrical Biofields; Popp et al. (eds.): Electromagnetic Bio-Information, Urban & Schwarzenberg, München, Baltimore (1978). Altmann G., Warnke, U.: Über den Einfluß der elektrischen Umwelt auf das Verhalten gekäfigter Honigbienen; Anzeiger für Schädlingskunde Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz 52 (2), 17-9 (1979). Warnke, U., Voigt, J.: Von Feldern und Frequenzen; Drehbuch Fernsehfilm im ZDF, Sendung 30 Min. am 31. Mai 1981. Warnke, U.: Avian Flight Formation with the Aid of Electromagnetic Forces: A New Theory for the Formation Alignment of Migrating Birds; Journal of Bioelectricity 3 (3), 493-508 (1984). Warnke, U.: Relevanz elektrischer Felder; Die Umschau (6), 336-343 (1986). Warnke, U., Altmann G.: Thermographie der Honigbienen-Wintertraube unter Einfluß von Hochspannungswechselfeldern; Zeitschrift für angewandte Entomologie 104 (1), 69-73 (1987). Warnke, U.: Information Transmission by Means of Electrical Biofields Electromagnetic Bio-Information, F.A. Popp, U. Warnke, H. König, W. Peschka (eds.), 2nd edition. Urban & Schwarzenberg, München, Wien Baltimore, 74-101 (1989). Warnke, U.: Electromagnetic Sensitivity of Animals and Humans: Biological and Clinical Implications; Bioelectrodynamics and Biocommunication M.W. Ho, F.A. Popp, U. Warnke (eds.), World Scientific, Singapore, New Jersey, London, Hongkong, 365-86 (1995)." http://www.izgmf.de/Aktionen/Meldungen/Archiv_05/bienen/bienen.html
The last sentence of Jochen Kuhn is interesting: "Eine Folgestudie ist bereits für Mitte dieses Jahres geplant." "A following study is already planned for the midst of this year." (translated by Denglisch)
Thorsten Ritz, Roswitha Wiltschko, P.J. Hore, Christopher T. Rodgers, Katrin Stapput, Peter Thalau, Christiane R. Timmel, and Wolfgang Wiltschko Magnetic Compass of Birds Is Based on a Molecule with Optimal Directional Sensitivity Biophysical Journal 2009 Apr 22; 96(8): 3451–3457. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/806379888
Minute: 23 Second: 55 https://vimeo.com/146383691 "The way he tested that was to expose birds to radio frequency fields to see if actually disturb their magnetic campus. And not only failed the radio frequency field indeed disrupt the migration of robins but it did so at very, very low intensity of fields. And that is very important, very interesting. That very low level of radio frequency fields interfere with the robins campus." Professor Denis Henshaw Bristol University http://www.bris.ac.uk/chemistry/people/denis-l-henshaw/overview.html
"Measuring Schumann resonance in and around a city has become absolutely impossible. Electromagnetic pollution from cell phone has forced us to make our measurements at sea." (Dr. Wolfgang Ludwig, Physicist) Minute 27 Second 37 https://vimeo.com/146383691
R. Robin Baker Human navigation and magnetoreception: the Manchester experiments do replicate in: Animal Behaviour, Volume 35, Issue 3, June 1987, Pages 691–704 http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/819134661
Uwe Greggers1, Gesche Koch1, Viola Schmidt1, Aron Dürr1, Amalia Floriou-Servou1, David Piepenbrock2, Martin C. Göpfert2 and Randolf Menzel1 Reception and learning of electric fields in bees Proceedings Biological Sciences. 2013 May 22; 280(1759) http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/928688793
1 Institut für Biologie, AG Neurobiologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 28-30, 14195 Berlin, Germany 2 Department Cellular Neurobiology, Schwann-Schleiden Centre for Molecular Cell Biology, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
Abstract Honeybees, like other insects, accumulate electric charge in flight, and when their body parts are moved or rubbed together. We report that bees emit constant and modulated electric fields when flying, landing, walking and during the waggle dance. The electric fields emitted by dancing bees consist of low- and high-frequency components. Both components induce passive antennal movements in stationary bees according to Coulomb's law. Bees learn both the constant and the modulated electric field components in the context of appetitive proboscis extension response conditioning. Using this paradigm, we identify mechanoreceptors in both joints of the antennae as sensors. Other mechanoreceptors on the bee body are potentially involved but are less sensitive. Using laser vibrometry, we show that the electrically charged flagellum is moved by constant and modulated electric fields and more strongly so if sound and electric fields interact. Recordings from axons of the Johnston organ document its sensitivity to electric field stimuli. Our analyses identify electric fields emanating from the surface charge of bees as stimuli for mechanoreceptors, and as biologically relevant stimuli, which may play a role in social communication.
Keywords: electric surface charge, mechanoreceptors as sensors for electric fields, Johnston organ, learning of electric field stimuli
Harold H. Zakona,b,1 Electric fields of flowers stimulate the sensory hairs of bumble bees Proceedings National Academy of Sciences U S A. 2016 Jun 28; 113(26): 7020–7021. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/321029026
aDepartment of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712; bDepartment of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712 1Email: ude.saxetu.nitsua@nokaz.h.
"(...) 1974 fanden die russischen Forscher Eskov und Sapozhnikov, dass Bienen bei ihren Kommunikations-Tänzen elektro-magnetische Signale mit einer Modulationsfrequenz zwischen 180 und 250 Hz erzeugen. (Man beachte: Unser GSM Mobilfunk ist mit 217 Hz moduliert.) Hungrige Bienen reagierten auf diese Frequenzen mit der Aufrichtung ihrer Fühler [11]. Warnke berichtete, dass die Kommunikationsimpulse der Fühler bei Berührung eines Artgenossen mit einem Oszillographen gemessen werden konnten [12]. (...)" http://docplayer.org/30559617-Das-grosse-bienensterben.html https://www.diagnose-funk.org/impressum
"(...) In 1974, the Russian researchers Eskov and Sapozhnikov found that bees generate electromagnetic signals with a modulation frequency between 180 and 250 Hz when they do their communications dances. (It is important to note that our GSM mobile system is modulated with 217 Hz). Hungry bees react to those frequencies by erecting their antennae [8]. Warnke reported that the communication impulses of the antennae when touched by a fellow bee can be measured with an oscillograph [9]. (...)" http://buergerwelle.de/assets/files...tureKey=&q=pdf/the_big_bee_death.pdf https://www.diagnose-funk.org/impressum
Abstract of the Russian article "Mechanism of generation and perception of electric fields by honey bees": "Generation and reception mechanisms of electrostatic and alternating currents by bees are studied. It is shown that generation of electric fields is concerned with the properties of body integuments to carry a comparative large electrostatic charge. Transport of charged bodies is percieted by bees with the help of antennae subjected to the action of coulon powers. Perception of a alternating artificially generated electric fields is mainly concerned with physiological influence of induced currents flowing in the site of contact of bees to one another or to current-conducting bodies. The studies performed did not show the existence of specialized organs for the generation and perception of electric fields."
"(...) Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen haben nachgewiesen, dass niederfrequente elektromagnetische Felder sich negativ auf Bienen auswirken können. Honigbienen sind zum einen fähig, Magnetfelder ab 100 μT bei einer Frequenz von 60 Hz wahrzunehmen, zum anderen haben Studien ergeben, dass Bienen in starken elektrischen Feldern von über 4 kV/m, z.B. unmittelbar unter einer 380 kV Hochspannungsleitung, weniger Honig produzieren bzw. eine erhöhte Mortalität aufweisen (der Grenzwert zum Schutz der Menschen vor Einwirkungen durch diese Felder liegt bei 5 kV/m). Man erklärt diese Effekte durch elektrische Schocks, die die Bienen erfahren, wenn sie Kontakt mit dem Bienenstock aufnehmen. Es wird daher Imkern empfohlen, die Bienenstöcke nicht im unmittelbaren Umfeld von Hochspannungsleitungen aufzustellen.
Im Hochfrequenzbereich ist anzumerken, dass es einen Bericht von nicht erklärbaren Völkerzusammenbrüchen in Österreich von Univ.-Doz. Dr. Ruzicka gibt. Es handelt sich hier aber um vereinzelte Beobachtungen, die bisher nicht in einer wissenschaftlichen Studie nachgewiesen wurden. Weiters gibt es im Rahmen einer Pilotstudie aus dem Jahre 2005 an der Universität Koblenz-Landau Beobachtungen zum Rückkehrverhalten der Bienen, die auf einen vertieften Forschungsbedarf hinweisen. Nachgewiesene (etwa in einschlägigen wissenschaftlichen (peer-reviewed ) Journalen veröffentlichte) Veränderungen des Verhaltens von Bienen, ausgelöst durch hochfrequente elektromagnetische Felder, wie sie von Basisstationen produziert werden, sind meinem Ressorts aber nicht bekannt. Auch ist kein plausibler Mechanismus bekannt, der eine Veränderung des Bienenverhaltens durch Hochfrequenzfelder erklären könnte. Die Wellenlänge der Felder des Mobilfunks (900 MHz; λ= 30 cm) liegt nicht im Bereich der Körpergröße der Bienen (2 cm) und entspricht somit nicht der Resonanzfrequenz für den Bienenkörper (diese liegt bei 15 GHz). Das elektromagnetische Feld wird um die Biene gebeugt und es kommt nicht zu einer erhöhten spezifischen Absorptionsrate. (...)" https://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXII/AB/AB_03972/fnameorig_062204.html https://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXII/AB/AB_03972/fname_062204.pdf
Regarding the assessment of the induction capability of electromagnetic wavelength to biological creatures you don't measure only the whole body which - as we have seen by the TV study of Karolinksa institute in Sweden regarding the sleeping habits in Japan, USA and Western Europe - is also of importance but you have to research also the induction capabilities of single organs within the biological creature. These organs have different amounts of metallic elements which are electrically receptable to electromagnetic waves. Of course, on the top of the list of receptability are magnetosomes. Therefore, just using the size of the body of the biological creature is unscientifically and see from the point of public welfare irresponsible.
Eskov, Yevgeny Konstantinovich, A. V. Darkov Consequences of High-Intensity Magnetic Effects on the Early Growth Processes in Plant Seeds and the Development of Honeybees Biology Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences September 2003, Volume 30, Issue 5, pp 512–516 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1025858905362 https://www.researchgate.net/public...t_Seeds_and_the_Development_of_Honeybees
Abstract The influence of magnetic field on the early growth processes in plant seeds and the postembryonic development of honeybees was studied. Some general trends in the effects of magnetic field and differences in the tolerance of plant seeds and developing honeybees to its action were revealed. Some factors that may be responsible for a low reproducibility of magnetobiological effects are discussed.
Eskov, Yevgeny Konstantinovich In the eighties: Institute for Ecology of the academy of beekeeping (Rybnoe, Rjasan Region, USSR)
Korall, Herbert; Leucht, Thomas; Martin, Hermann Bursts of magnetic fields induce jumps of misdirection in bees by a mechanism of magnetic resonance Journal of Comparative Physiology A, May 1988, Volume 162, Issue 3, pp 279–284 http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/780919992 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00606116
Affiliation of the authors: Zoologisches Institut II Universität Würzburg Germany
"Summary Magnetic field (MF) bursts at a frequency of 250 Hz oriented parallel to the field-lines of the EMF induce unequivocal ‘jumps’ of misdirection of up to +10°. The regression of burst intensity (BI inGamma; for a range of 10–1400 Gamma) and the size of the induced jumps of misdirection (DMID in angular degrees) follow the equation: DMID=-1+ln BI. Compensation (<5% of the total intensity) of the EMF, continuous 250 Hz fields and bursts perpendicular to the static MF have no effect. The effects described are discussed from the point of view of magnetic resonance."
Leucht, Thomas Lichtbedingte Missweisung der Honigbiene im natürlichen und "kompensierten" Erdmagnetfeld Würzburg, Univ., Diss., 1982 http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/720872428
Martin, Hermann Zur Nahorientierung der Biene im Duftfeld : Zugl. e. Nachweis f. d. Osmotropotaxis bei Insekten. (Mit 31 Textabb) Frankfurt, Naturwiss. F., Diss. v. 10. Dez. 1963 (Nur in beschr. Anz. f. d. Aust.) http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/74071582 http://d-nb.info/482341874
Affiliation 1968: Zoologisches Institut der Universität Frankfurt a.M. Germany Affiliation 1977: Zoologisches Institut II der Universitätt Würzburg, Germany
Leucht, Thomas Responses to light under varying magnetic conditions in the honeybee,Apis mellifica Journal of Comparative Physiology A : Sensory, Neural and Behavioral Physiology, v154 n6 (198411): 865-870 http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5654232807 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00610687?LI=true
"In the dance of honeybees the indication of direction to a food source can be influenced by magnetic and photic stimuli. We have tested the behaviour of dancing honeybees illuminated with white light under varying magnetic conditions. The bees respond to the light stimulus with a maximum deviation from the correct dancing direction when they dance parallel to the inclination of the earth's magnetic field (EMF). The response to light drops to zero with increasing deviation from this ‘zero-point’ direction (see also Martin and Lindauer 1977). The time of total indifference to light varies with the magnetic conditions. In the natural EMF the reaction to light becomes zero 20.3° (i.e. 1 h) after the bees have passed the zeropoint. In the compensated EMF this effect is delayed by 10°. The bees show nearly no reaction to light when the EMF is amplified to 2 Gauss. The relative spectral sensitivity of dancing honey-bees was tested in the compensated EMF. It is 1:1.63:2.64 for green-, blue-, and UV-light, respectively."
1Department of Life Science, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, 2Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 3Department of Philosophy, Atkinson College, York University, Toronto, Canada, 4Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
Honeybees (Apis mellifera) undergo iron biomineralization, providing the basis for magnetoreception. We showed earlier the presence of superparamagnetic magnetite in iron granules formed in honeybees, and subscribed to the notion that external magnetic fields may cause expansion or contraction of the superparamagnetic particles in an orientation-specific manner, relaying the signal via cytoskeleton (Hsu and Li 1994). In this study, we established a size-density purification procedure, with which quantitative amount of iron granules was obtained from honey bee trophocytes and characterized; the density of iron granules was determined to be 1.25 g/cm3. While we confirmed the presence of superparamagnetic magnetite in the iron granules, we observed changes in the size of the magnetic granules in the trophycytes upon applying additional magnetic field to the cells. A concomitant release of calcium ion was observed by confocal microscope. This size fluctuation triggered the increase of intracellular Ca+2 , which was inhibited by colchicines and latrunculin B, known to be blockers for microtubule and microfilament syntheses, respectively. The associated cytoskeleton may thus relay the magnetosignal, initiating a neural response. A model for the mechanism of magnetoreception in honeybees is proposed, which may be applicable to most, if not all, magnetotactic organisms.
Martin, Hermann Die Schwereorientierung der Bienen unter dem Einfluß des Erdmagnetfeldes Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie September 1968, Volume 60, Issue 3, pp 219–243 http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5653919296
Hermann Martin, Martin Lindauer und Ulla Martin ,Zeitsinn‘ und Aktivitätsrhythmus der Honigbiene - endogen oder exogen gesteuert? SITZUNGSBERICHTE JAHRGANG 1983 BAYERISCHE AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN MATHEMATISCH-NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHE KLASSE http://d-nb.info/841021619 http://publikationen.badw.de/001081754.pdf
"1. Auf eine bestimmte Tageszeit dressierte Bienen orientieren sich nach dem horizontalen Radiusvektor der täglichen Variation des erdmagnetischen Feldes (EMF), dem sog. 'magnetischen Azimut'. Dies wurde gezeigt durch Zeitdressuren am gleichen geographischen Ort ('stationäre' Versuche), an Versetzungsversuchen in der geographischen Länge und durch Transplantation von Gehirngewebe zeittrainierter Spender auf naive Wirte."
English translation: "For a determined daytime trained bees are orientating themselves to the horizontal radius vector of the daily variation of the earthmagnetic field (EMF), the so called 'magnetic azimuth'. This was shown by time training at the same geographic location ('stationary' Trials), on displacement experiments in the geographic length and by transplantation of brain tissue of time-trained donators to naive hosts."
District Court (Rechtbank) "(...) The Almelo, Arnhem, Zutphen and the Overijssel part of the Zwolle-Lelystad District Court will merge into the Oost-Nederland District Court. (...) The 32 hearing locations that are designated by order in council are: Almelo, Alkmaar, Almere, Amersfoort, Amsterdam, Apeldoorn, Arnhem, Assen, Bergen op Zoom, Breda, Dordrecht, Eindhoven, Enschede, Gouda, The Hague, Groningen, Haarlem, Haarlemmermeer, Den Bosch, Leeuwarden, Leiden, Lelystad, Maastricht, Middelburg, Nijmegen, Roermond, Rotterdam, Tilburg, Utrecht, Zaanstad, Zutphen and Zwolle." https://www.government.nl/latest/ne...-court-districts-sent-to-the-lower-house
"The Netherlands is divided into 10 districts, each with its own court: Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, Den Haag, Midden-Nederland, Rotterdam, Zeeland-West Brabant, Oost-Brabant, Limburg, Oost-Nederland and Noord-Nederland. Each court has a number of subdistrict venues. The District Court is made up of a maximum of five sectors. These always include the administrative sector, civil sector, criminal sector and subdistrict sector. Family and juvenile cases are often put into a separate sector, as is sometimes the case with the administration of the law concerning aliens. The court council is free to determine such matters." http://www.lassche.nl/en/court-system-netherlands/
"Dutch court overturns cell permit on concern for bees Monday 5 November 2012 | 14:18 CET | News A court in Zutphen, Netherlands has annulled a permit for a UMTS antenna due to beekeeping activities in the area. The Winterswijk municipality gave KPN the permit to build the tower in November 2010. Five local residents filed an appeal against the permit, and the court found that the city did not motivate its decision well enough to show there would be no negative consequences from the cell site. One of the residents keeps bees around 80m from the proposed site; in the appeal against the site, he pointed to research in Germany and Switzerland on the effects of electromagnetic radiation on bees. The city pointed to other research showing bee deaths related to other factors and said the radiation in this case would be much less than in the German research. However the court found that the city needed to provide more concrete sources of research to sustain its argument and it could not be ruled out that the site would have an effect on the bees."
"Abstract Incoming and outgoing rates of honeybees (Apis mellifera) were monitored from an observation hive daily over three, six-month periods in 2012, 2013 and 2014. Sensors at the hive entrance measured differences between the numbers of outgoing versus returning bees on a per minute basis. Disturbances were also monitored in (A) Earth’s magnetosphere and (B) proton flux intensity in Earth’s outer atmosphere. Data indicated bee losses were highly correlated (R2= 0.970) with days when severe geomagnetic storm activity (K-Index ≥5) occurred in Earth’s magnetosphere, and monthly losses increased as the intensity of geomagnetic disturbances increased. Bee losses were also highly correlated (R2=0.978) with intensity of extraterrestrial protons that impacted Earth’s outer atmosphere. For the three-year study, estimated losses were 2.71-times greater on storm days compared to nonstorm days. Greatest losses - from 16,920 to 56,640 bees - occurred during the 3 longest and most severe storms. Collectively, data indicated geomagnetic disturbances in Earth’s atmosphere - produced by coronal eruptions on the Sun - are involved with the interference of a forager’s homing ability here on Earth, thereby leading to their sudden disappearance from a hive."
Clarke, Dominic; Morley, Erica; Robert, Daniel The bee, the flower, and the electric feld: electric ecology and aerial electroreception in: Journal of Comparative Physiology A September 2017, Volume 203, Issue 9, pp 737–748 https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00359-017-1176-6.pdf
Daniel Robert d.robert@bristol.ac.uk 1 School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Science Building, 24, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
